Fig. 9: Growth and metabolic phenotypes of male Mppgdh mutants under high CO₂ conditions.

a Plants grown on ½ B5 agar medium for 14 days under L/D conditions in ambient CO₂ (400 ppm) or high CO₂ (3000 ppm) with or without serine supplementation. b The fresh weight of Tak-1 and Mppgdh mutants. Data represent means ± SD of six biological replicates (n = 6). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was performed (p < 0.05) in each growth condition; columns with the same letter indicate no significant differences. Student’s t-test was performed in each line grown under ambient CO₂ and high CO₂ conditions. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (Student’s t-test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). c, d PCA score plots of the metabolome (c) and lipidome data (d) in 14-day-old thalli of Tak-1 and Mppgdh-1 grown under high CO₂ conditions with or without serine supplementation (n = 4). e–h Volcano plots showing DAMs (e, f) and DALCs (g, h) in Mppgdh-1 under the two growth conditions. Red dots and blue squares represent significantly increased (p-value < 0.01, fold change > 2) and decreased (p-value < 0.01, fold change < 0.5) metabolites or lipid classes, respectively, in Mppgdh-1. Black triangles represent no significant differences between Tak-1 and Mppgdh-1.