Fig. 5: Synapsid carnivore jaw shape and functional phylogenetic disparity through the late Palaeozoic.
From: Predatory synapsid ecomorphology signals growing dynamism of late Palaeozoic terrestrial ecosystems
a Shape and (b) functional sum of variance calculated for each time bin for carnivorous synapsid groups using phylogenetic time-slicing70, divided into: (i) Basal synapsids, (ii) Basal therapsids, and (iii) Eutheriodonts. Significant geological events also highlighted. ‘Overall’ represents all carnivorous synapsids. Shaded 95% confidence intervals shown for each curve. N = 122. ART Artinskian, ASL Asselian, BIA Biarmosuchia, BSL Basal-most synapsids (eothyridids, varanopids, and ophiacodonts), CAP Capitanian, CHX Changhsingian, CRC Carboniferous rainforest collapse, CYN Cynodontia, DIN Dinocephalia, ECE End-Capitanian extinction, GRG Gorgonopsia, GZH Gzhelian, IND Induan, KAS Kasimovian, KUN Kungurian, OE Olson’s extinction, PENN Pennsylvanian, PTME Permo-Triassic mass extinction, SAK Sakmarian, SPH Sphenacodontia (non-therapsid), ROA Roadian, THR Therocephalia, WOR Wordian, WUC Wuchiapingian. Biarmosuchia, Dinocephalia and Therocephalia silhouettes by Dmitry Bogdanov (vectorized by T. Michael Keesey); all other silhouettes created by S.A.S., but some are vectorised from artwork by Felipe Alves Elias (https://www.paleozoobr.com/), available for academic use with attribution.
