Fig. 4: Neural omission responses in wakefulness and N2 sleep. | Communications Biology

Fig. 4: Neural omission responses in wakefulness and N2 sleep.

From: Cardio-audio synchronization elicits neural and cardiac surprise responses in human wakefulness and sleep

Fig. 4

OHEPs (time-locked to the R peak) and OEPs (time-locked to mean SS interval) comparisons during sound omissions for the synch (red lines) and isoch (blue lines) conditions compared to the asynch condition (black lines) during wakefulness (AWAKE) and N2 sleep (N2). Top panels show grand average (N = 23) EEG waveforms averaged over all electrodes in the significant negative clusters. Shaded regions indicate ±SEM across participants. Middle panels display the number of electrodes within each significant cluster derived from cluster permutation statistical analysis (p < 0.05, two-tailed). Bottom panels demonstrate topography differences at negative cluster peaks with significant electrodes highlighted in black. Significant differences are observed between the synch and asynch OHEPs in wakefulness (a) and N2 sleep (b), suggesting that the synch cardio-audio regularity induces a modulation of OHEPs both in wakefulness and N2 sleep. Significant differences between the isoch and asynch condition OEPs in wakefulness (c) and N2 sleep (d) demonstrate that the isoch regularity produces an expectation of incoming sounds observed as a MMN response at ~150 ms, in wakefulness and N2 sleep.

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