Fig. 1: Physiological characteristics and chromosome structure of R. aquatica.

a R. aquatica grown under terrestrial condition at 25 °C. b Expanded leaves of R. aquatica grown under terrestrial and submerged conditions at 25 °C (scale bars, 1 cm). c Chromosome structure of R. aquatica. DAPI-stained mitotic chromosomes prepared from anthers (upper left panel). Chromosome structure (lower panel) was revealed via comparative chromosome painting (Panel c, upper right). The different colors in chromosome structure correspond to the ancestral Cardamineae chromosomes, whereas capital letters refer to genomic blocks. See Fig. 2 for detailed structure of the fusion chromosome.