Fig. 5: PAV-104 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication at a post-entry step of the viral life cycle.

a Relative infectivity of SARS-2-S pseudotyped virus and VSV-G pseudotyped virus in HEK-293T cells overexpressing the ACE2 and TMPRRS2 receptors (HEK293T-ACE2-TMPRSS2) treated with PAV-104 at the indicated concentrations. HEK293T-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells were exposed to PAV-104 for 1 h and then infected with SARS-2-S pseudotyped virus or VSV-G pseudotyped virus. Pseudotyped viral entry was analyzed by luciferase activity 24 hpi. Positive serum predetermined to possess anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity was used as a positive control. Luciferase signals obtained in the absence of PAV-104 were used for normalization. n = 4 biologically independent samples. b Schematic timeline of PAV-104 treatment in Calu-3 cells. Calu-3 cells were incubated with PAV-104 or infected with SARS-CoV-2 at indicated time points as the diagram shows. c Virus production (measured as viral titer) in Calu-3 cells treated with PAV-104 at indicated doses and time points. n = 3 biologically independent samples. d Virus production (measured as viral N gene expression by RT-qPCR) in primary AECs treated with PAV-104 at indicated doses and time points. Heat-inactivated SARS-Cov-2 treatment was used for normalization. n = 3 biologically independent samples. Data are representative of the results as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed by t test or paired t test. p ≤ 0.05 [*], p ≤ 0.01 [**], p ≤ 0.001 [***], p ≤ 0.0001 [****].