Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the experimental design.

a Summary of pBMCs isolation and probiotic assemblage. b Location of the study site in the Central Red Sea where in situ experimental treatments took place. The map was created with a licensed version of ArcGIS Pro. Version 2.8.0. c Seawater temperature changes during the experiment sampling times. Daily mean temperatures (red dots) are indicated. The inoculation period from T1 to T3 (placebo and probiotic syringes) and all sampling times (T1–T4) are indicated. d Summary of analyzed microbial communities (coral, seawater, and sediment near the corals) and monitoring of the coral physiology. Icons indicate the analysis conducted at each sampling time. Infographics were created with a licensed version in BioRender.com.