Fig. 3: SGR index of characters in Scarabaeidae.

A diagram for obtaining the SGR based on Mahalanobis distances is shown. The differently colored lines of best fit represent the SGR changes in the test characters on the space-time scale. The colored stars indicate the peak values of the SGR for different test characters. Principal component analysis was performed to examine the character differentiation of the coprophagous/phytophagous lineages at the SGR peak, and the capitalized first letter represents the different subfamilies (A Aphodiini, C Cetoniinae, D Dynastinae, M Melolonthinae, R Rutelinae, S Scarabaeinae). A line chart of global average temperatures during the evolutionary period of Scarabaeidae is shown by the gray line below, and the corresponding temperature can be read from the vertical axis on the right side of this figure35.