Fig. 8: Zebularine provokes a robust anti-tumor immune program in vivo.

a In vivo tumor growth of Cgas^-/-, Sting^gt/gt, and sh-Rela/p65 B16F10 tumor-bearing mice after treatment with zebularine (n = 5 ~ 6). b In vivo tumor growth of B16F10 tumor-bearing wild-type and IFNAR1^-/- mice (n = 5) after treatment with zebularine. c–e Surface expression of CD11b⁺, CD11c⁺ MHC II⁺, and CD80⁺ CD86⁺ in the draining lymph nodes of B16F10 tumor-bearing mice detected by flow cytometry after 12 days of zebularine treatment. f Wild type and sh-Rela/p65 B16F10 tumors were implanted onto mice, and sh-Ifnar1 B16F10 tumors were implanted onto IFNAR1^-/- mice. Mice were subsequently mock treated or treated with zebularine for 12 days (n = 5). TILs were isolated for T cell analysis by flow cytometry. g Schematic of the signaling responses triggered by DNMTi (zebularine) chemotherapy leading to MHC-AgPPM gene induction and increased immune cell infiltration (By Figdraw, ID: OIAIR00a14). Data are presented as mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 by Student’s t-test.