Fig. 2: Alterations in Magnetoneurography (MNG) over the Right Nodose Ganglion (RNG), Right Carotid Artery (RCA), cardiac autonomic measures (CAM), and cytokine levels pre-to-post LPS challenge.

Alterations in Magnetoneurography (MNG) of optically pumped magnetometer sensors placed over the RNG (a) and RCA (b). c Alterations in cardiac autonomic measures (CAM) pre-to-post LPS injection (HR: heart rate, RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences, SAI: sympathetic activity index, PAI: parasympathetic activity index). d Changes in cytokine concentrations TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 levels pre-to-post LPS injection. The actual measurement from each subject at each time point is overlaid on the boxplot. The results from a healthy control are presented as additional blue dots in each subplot. The statistical comparisons and significance of each metric post-LPS to baseline levels are marked with asterisk symbols (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). Changes from the baseline of continuous recordings (i.e., RNG, RCA, CAM) were calculated through generalized estimating equations (GEE) for each session (See “Methods” for more details). Discrete measurements of cytokine responses were first evaluated with GEE to confirm the overall main effect of time, and then two-way paired t-tests were performed for baseline pre-to-post-LPS (See “Methods” for more details). Boxplot centerline: median; box limits: Q1 and Q3 quantile.