Fig. 1: Sustained light increases H3K18 lactylation and ROS levels.

a–d Q-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the lactylation-related genes ep300a and ep300b were significantly upregulated in juvenile fish reared under LL conditions. e–h Q-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the lactate metabolism-related genes ldha and gapdh were significantly upregulated in juvenile fish reared under LL conditions. i The lactate content in the juvenile fish reared under LL conditions was significantly increased. j, k Western blotting results showed that the level of histone lactylation (H3K18) was significantly upregulated in the juvenile fish of the LL group. l The hydrogen peroxide content in the juvenile fish under LL condition was significantly increased. m, n Fluorescent staining results showed that LL treatment significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in juvenile fish (n = 15). o–q Q-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of akt1 and akt3 were upregulated under LL conditions, but akt2 was not statistically significant. Data were statistically analyzed using unpaired t tests. r–t Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in Akt phosphorylation levels in zebrafish under LL condition. All experiments were repeated three times. Bar graphs represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).