Fig. 4: H3K18 lactylation regulates ROS levels and akt expression.

a KEGG enrichment analysis showed the signaling pathways of genes bound by histone lactylation (H3K18). b GO-BP enrichment analysis showed the biological processes of genes bound by histone lactylation (H3K18). c–f ChIP-qPCR results showed that under LD conditions, lactylated H3K18 binds to the transcription region of akt1 and duox, and similar results are observed under LL conditions. g Q-PCR showed that lactic acid significantly upregulated the expression of akt1, while 2DG significantly downregulated the expression of akt1 under LL condition. h–j Western blotting showed that lactic acid and 2DG significantly upregulated and downregulated the expression of Akt protein under LL condition. k Q-PCR showed that lactic acid significantly upregulated the expression of duox, while 2DG significantly downregulated the expression of duox under LL condition. l, m Fluorescent staining results showed that lactic acid upregulated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while 2DG downregulated the levels of ROS under LL condition. n Q-PCR showed that lactic acid significantly upregulated the expression of duox, while 2DG significantly downregulated the expression of duox under LD condition. o, p Fluorescent staining results showed that lactic acid upregulated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while 2DG downregulated the levels of ROS under LD condition. Data were statistically analyzed using unpaired t tests and one-way ANOVA. All experiments were repeated three times. Bar graphs represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).