Fig. 5: Comparison of hindlimb flexion–extension and trunk pitch angles between the duck breeds. | Communications Biology

Fig. 5: Comparison of hindlimb flexion–extension and trunk pitch angles between the duck breeds.

From: Testing the form-function paradigm: body shape correlates with kinematics but not energetics in selectively-bred birds

Fig. 5

Angular traces are shown for (a) the hip, (b) the knee, (c) the ankle, and (d) the trunk, with corresponding statistic parametric mapping (SPM) results presented in the column beneath. For all plots, the X-axis represents the duration of one stride, such that 0 indicates the start of stance (touch down), and the dotted lines delimit the average breed-specific start of the swing phase (toe-off). The angular traces are presented as a mean and standard deviation and have been transformed so that flexion is always positive. The SPM subplots illustrate where in the stride cycle the breeds significantly differ from one another; the region bounded by the red dashed lines indicates non-significance, and therefore wherever this area is exceeded (in grey) a significant difference occurs. The data presented here consists of 30 strides per breed, sourced from three mallards (10 continuous strides each), 2 Aylesbury ducks (15 continuous strides each), and 3 Indian runners (10 continuous strides each). The raw trace data is plotted in Supplementary Fig. 29.

Back to article page