Fig. 4: Spatio-temporal variations in the expression levels of genes involved in sucrose and starch metabolism.

a The colored boxes are the heatmaps of gene expression data for sucrose metabolism obtained from RNA-seq, which were normalized by the log₂ calculation method (Supplementary data 2). RNA was extracted from the aleurone (AL), outer endosperm (OE), and inner endosperm (IE) of 9-, 12-, 15-, and 19-day development caryopses, with three replicates for each. For simplicity, members of gene families were used. b The difference in the number of RPKMs of genes encoding starch biosynthesis between the AL or IE group and the OE control group was calculated (means ± SDs, n = 3). Three bars at the same time point represent homologous genes of the same gene. RPKM reads per kilobase per million mapped reads, S6PH sucrose-6F-phosphate phosphohydrolase, SPS sucrose-phosphate synthase, F6T ATP:D-fructose 6-phosphotransferase, G6PI D-glucose-6-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase, G6T ATP:D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, G1,6P alpha-D-glucose 1,6-phosphomutase, β-GH beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, α-GH alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, α-G1PT ATP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, α-G1PU UTP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, G6PT UDP-glucose:D-glucose-6-phosphate 1-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, Susy sucrose synthase, α-GT 4-alpha-glucanotransferase, 4α-GH 4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase, 3β-GH 3-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, 4β-GH 4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrol. The individual transcript levels, gene names, and IDs for each isoform can be found in Supplementary Data 2.