Fig. 2: The rowy123 triple mutant presented a wavy root growth phenotype.

a Representative images showing the wavy root phenotypes of 7-day-old Col-0 and rowy1-1 rowy2-2 rowy3-2 (referred to as rowy123) seedlings grown on MS media. Scale bars, 2 cm. b The wavy growth phenotype of the primary root (primary root length and distance) was evaluated. The distance:primary root length ratio (i.e., the gravitropic index, GI) was measured to indicate the degree of bending. c Deficiency of ROWYs led to longer roots than those of wild-type Col-0. d Deficiency of ROWYs led to a decline in the GI value. Seven-day-old Col-0 seedlings were used for these measurements. The data are presented as the means ± SDs. n values are indicated. P values were calculated by comparing Col-0 and rowy123 with a two-tailed t test. e, f Mutations of ROWYs interfered with root gravitropism. The angles of the primary root tips of 7-day-old Col-0 and rowy123 seedlings were measured and are shown as polar histograms. n values are indicated. The experiments were repeated three times independently, with similar results obtained.