Fig. 3: Effect of antibiotic treatment on the alpha and beta diversity indices of the microbial communities in the hindgut and faeces in E. pulchripes (left) and G. connexa (right).

Alpha diversity values for each species, stratified by treatment groups for hindgut (a, b) and faeces samples (c, d) from E. pulchripes and G. connexa. The statistical test was based on Kruskal–Wallis (identical letters denote p > 0.05). Dissimilarity between hindgut (e, f) and faeces (g, h) microbial communities in the different treatments using constrained principal coordinates analysis (PcoA) with the model Dist.Mat ~ Treatment for each species and sample type separately.