Fig. 4: Multiple GWAS analyses of host-associated k-mers and host prediction of unknown origin S. aureus.

a Upset plot visualization of the host-associated k-mers identified by three methods. b Receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model with six k-mers. c Importance of the six k-mers in the final model. d Proportion of k-mer predictors between human and pig isolates. e Change in risk score for a specific k-mer profile when the k-mer is present (y-axis) compared to absent (x-axis). f Heatmap of the host prediction of unknown origin S. aureus and the presence/absence patterns of k-mers.