Fig. 4: Comparison of maturity levels of proximal tubule cells within fetal, child, and adult kidneys and kidney organoids by using scRNA-seq.

a, b UMAP plot of kidney organoids and fetal kidneys colored by clusters (a) and origin of data (b). c Dotplot of all clusters with known kidney marker genes. d Violin plot of CL4 in kidney organoids with proximal tubule maturation markers. Gray: control group, Red: PPARα agonists-treated group. e Violin plot of pseudotime of proximal tubule maturation in KCA fetal, KCA child, organoids, fetal kidneys, and adult kidneys.