Fig. 5: Functional maturation of proximal tubules by activation of the PPARα pathway. | Communications Biology

Fig. 5: Functional maturation of proximal tubules by activation of the PPARα pathway.

From: Proximal tubule cell maturation rate and function are controlled by PPARα signaling in kidney organoids

Fig. 5

a Scheme of the induction protocol of kidney organoids from hiPSCs treated with PPARα agonists for TEM and dextran uptake assay. b, c TEM images from the control (b) and the PPARα agonists-treated group (c). White arrowheads indicate endosomes; Red arrows indicate brush borders. Scale bar, 2 μm. d, e Number of endosomes per 1 μm2 of cytoplasm in the proximal tubule cell (d), and density plot for endosome size in proximal tubule cells (e) from TEM image treated with control or PPARα agonists-treated group; n = 26 cells. f Immunostaining of pHrodo™ Red Dextran uptake into kidney organoids in control and in PPARα agonists-treated group. Right panels represent magnifying images of each condition. LTL: Green, pHrodo™ Red Dextran 10,000 MW: Magenta, scale bars: 200 μm and 50 μm. g Dotplots of intensity of dextran in PT areas normalized by control group; n = 746 (from 5 organoids) in control group, n = 652 (from 5 organoids) in PPARα agonists-treated group. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

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