Fig. 5: Metabolomic analysis of ald4-oe and Δald4 strains after 72 h of fermentation in ethanol medium.

A DEM statistical Venn diagram, DEM screening (FC > 1.0, VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05), DEMs differentially expressed metabolites. G1: ald4-oe vs control, G2: Δald4 vs control, and G3: ald4-oe vs Δald4. B PCA score plot of the ald4-oe/Δald4/control group. C DELM classification statistics, DELMs differentially expressed lipid metabolites, FA fatty acyls, GP glycerophospholipids, PK polyketides, PR prenol lipids, SP sphingolipids, ST sterol lipids. D The relative content of different lipid subclasses in the ald4-oe group vs the control group. E The relative content of different lipid subclasses in the Δald4 vs control groups. F Annotation of all identified metabolites using the KEGG database. The top 20 annotations with the most annotations of the KO pathway-level entries were selected, and a summary bar chart was constructed. G Heatmap of DELMs (FC > 2.0, VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05, n = 6 biological replicates). H Correlation analysis between DELMs in the ald4-oe group. I Correlation analysis between DELMs in the Δald4 group. Error bars represent standard error (SE).