Fig. 1: Behavioral and morphological trait responses of Helicoverpa armigera to different predation risks. | Communications Biology

Fig. 1: Behavioral and morphological trait responses of Helicoverpa armigera to different predation risks.

From: Trait responses, nonconsumptive effects, and the physiological basis of Helicoverpa armigera to bat predation risk

Fig. 1

A Circadian activity rhythms (n = 10 pairs per group, with 12 biological replicates); B Avoidance behavior (n = 30 biologically independent observations); C Diurnal body mass changes (n = 300 biologically independent samples); D Food intake by larvae (n = 120 biologically independent larvae); E Maximum fresh mass of larvae (n = 120 biologically independent larvae); F Developmental duration under predation risk (n = 120 for larvae and n = 60 for pupae biologically independent samples); and G Pupal mass of male and female H. armigera individuals (n = 50 biologically independent samples). All data are presented as mean ± SE, and statistical significance was assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test for comparisons among groups. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).

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