Fig. 2: NCEs on Helicoverpa armigera under different predation risks. | Communications Biology

Fig. 2: NCEs on Helicoverpa armigera under different predation risks.

From: Trait responses, nonconsumptive effects, and the physiological basis of Helicoverpa armigera to bat predation risk

Fig. 2

A Adult longevity of male and female adults exposed to different predation risks (n = 50 biologically independent samples per group for both male and female); B Survival rate at different developmental stages (n = 300 biologically independent samples); C Fecundity (n = 12 biologically independent individuals per group) and egg hatching rate (n = 100 randomly selected eggs per group); and D Eclosion failure, quantifying the proportion of pupae that do not successfully mature into healthy adult moths (n = 3 biologically independent groups, with 50 individuals per group). All data are presented as mean ± SE, and statistical significance was assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test for comparisons among groups. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).

Back to article page