Fig. 6: KDM4E-catalysed C-4 arginine hydroxylation and currently described forms of lysyl- and arginyl-hydroxylation catalysed by the 2OG oxygenases JMJD4–7.

a KDM4E catalysed C-4 hydroxylation of an arginine residue. b 3R-Hydroxyarginine formation catalysed by JMJD513, (c) 3S-Hydroxylysine formation catalysed by JMJD769, (d) 4-Hydroxylysine formation catalysed by JMJD470, and e 5S-Hydroxylysine formation catalysed by JMJD671,72,73. Note these modifications are thermodynamically stable compared to the hemiaminal intermediates involved in demethylation (see Fig. 1).