Fig. 2: Family-wide occurrence of 4,4′-diapophytoene synthase (crtM gene) and 4,4′-diapophytoene desaturase (crtN) in Lactobacillaceae.

The tree was inferred with IQ-Tree via the LG + F + G4 method. An orange tip indicates that carotenoid biosynthesis genes were present in at least one genome in a species. The inner circle corresponds to the assigned lifestyle, as described in Zheng and Wittouck et al.33; the second circle corresponds to the percentage of genomes that contain crtMN genes compared to all tested genomes of that species (n is given at the branch tip). The outer circle corresponds to genome size. Species for which the phenotype was experimentally confirmed are indicated in bold. The genera were collapsed when no crtMN genes were detected.