Fig. 1: Cell landscape in left atrial (LA) tissues in atrial fibrillation (AF) and controls.

A Representative LA sample obtained via LA appendectomy (a) and histology of LA tissue of patients with AF (hematoxylin and eosin staining) (b). B Scheme the study. SnRNA-seq (n = 5) and scRNA-seq (n = 8) data were obtained from LA tissue of patients with AF. Comparison of scRNA-seq data revealed the AF marker in serum. C Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) of all cells in LA tissue of patients with AF (n = 5). C–E are for LA tissue of patients with AF, analyzed by snRNA-seq. D Proportions of each cell type in LA tissue of patients with AF. E Dot plot displaying signature cell gene expression markers (SCGEMs) for each cell cluster. F UMAP of immune cells from 4 control LA tissue samples obtained from 2 sites of 2 donors (openly published datasets of healthy donors) and LA tissue of patients with AF (n = 8). F–H are for LA tissue of patients with healthy controls and AF, analyzed by scRNA-seq. G Proportions of each immune cell type in LA tissue of patients with AF and healthy controls: (a) Myeloid cells, (b) T and NK cells, and (c) B cells. H Dot plot displaying SCGEMs for each immune cell cluster in LA tissue of patients with healthy controls and AF.