Fig. 3: Divergence time of Ericales and identification of gene duplication events in Theaceae.

A Global temperature curve and climatic events: This panel illustrates the global temperature curve and significant climatic events over the last 65 million years^27,71. EECO Early Eocene climatic optimum, MECO Mid-Eocene climatic optimum, MMCO Mid-Miocene climatic optimum, PETM (ETM1) Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum 1, ETM2 Eocene thermal maximum 2. B Diversification rate in Ericales: The rate-through-time plot of Ericales is displayed here. The red line indicates the median diversification rate (species/million years), and the surrounding gray shadow represents the 95% credibility interval. C Detection of gene duplication: This section focuses on the detection of gene duplication events in Theaceae, based on the reconciliation of gene trees and species tree. The dashed gray line indicates the K-Pg boundary. The black numbers adjacent to the nodes represent the age as predicted by the MCMCTree software. Pie charts displayed at each node depict the observed gene duplication types from CSS, while the pie chart specifically located beneath node N11 illustrates those identified in S. sinensis. Each color within the pie charts corresponds to a distinct type of gene duplication. Red: Proportion of gene duplications (GDs) from tandem duplications; Gray: Proportion of GDs resulting from synteny, indicating gene duplications that arise due to whole genome duplications event; Orange: Proportion of GDs where both tandem and synteny duplications occur simultaneously; Blue: Proportion of GDs attributed to other types of duplications not classified as tandem or synteny. The color of the circle at the node ranges from green to light red representing the ratio of GDs at the node to the total number of GDs ranging from small to large. B Brassicales, V Vitales, R Ranunculales, A Amborellales.