Fig. 7: Expression characteristics and functional prediction of orphan genes in Theaceae.

A Gene expression in CSS ‘Shuchazao’ across various tissues and different environmental conditions. The horizontal axis lists different tissues and stress conditions including bud, flower, leaves of various ages, root, stem, and treatments like cold, drought, shading, pest stress, and infection. The vertical axis represents the expression levels of orphan genes and TFs. B–E Expression levels of orphan genes and TFs in eight different tissues for CSS ‘Shuchazao’ B, CSA ‘Yunkang10’ C, C. DASZ D, and C. chekiangoleosa E. F The tissue expression specificity index (Tau index) for CSS ‘Shuchazao’, CSA ‘Yunkang10’, C. DASZ, and C. chekiangoleosa. The Tau index quantifies gene expression specificity across tissues, with statistical significance indicated by an independent sample T-test (****P < 0.0001). G Subcellular localization prediction of orphan genes and TFs in Theaceae plants. The left and right sides represent TFs and orphan genes across 13 Theaceae plants. Various cellular components are indicated, including extracellular (EXTR), chloroplast (CHLO), cytoplasm (CYTO), cytoplasm_nucleus (CYTO NUCL), extracellular (E.R.), Golgi body (GOLG), mitochondria (MITO), nucleus (NUCL), plastids (PLAS), and vacuole (VACU). H–J GO enrichment analysis of orphan genes originated from the nodes N11 (the MRCA of Theaceae), N10 (the MRCA of Camellia), and N7 (the MRCA of Sect. Thea). The horizontal axis (rich factor) represents the ratio of differential genes under each metabolic pathway to all genes annotated in that pathway; the vertical axis indicates the enriched metabolic pathway. The size of each circle denotes the number of genes annotated to the corresponding GO item, and the color represents the significant level of enrichment results.