Fig. 5: Evolutionary and comparative genomic analysis.

a Phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimation, and gene family expansion/contraction analysis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with Arabidopsis thaliana as an outgroup using the genomes of 14 Poaceae, including P. australis. Purple stars indicate genome-wide replication events, The branch length of a phylogenetic tree represents the amount of cumulative evolution or cumulative mutation; The blue numbers indicate divergence times; and the red and green numbers indicate gene families for expanded and contracted gene families, respectively; Classification of orthologous and lineage-specific gene families in P. australis and other representative plants are shown on the right. b Collinear relationship of two subgenomes of P. australis, Oryza sativa, and Cleistogenes songorica. Different color lines connect matched gene pairs between different genomes. c Distribution of Ks between P. australis and the other two species. The lines indicate the distribution of Ks within genomes (continuous) and between genomes (dashed lines). d Ancestral karyotype evolution in Sorghum bicolor, Setaria viridis, Panicum hallii, Phragmites australis, Cleistogenes songorica, Oryza sativa, and Triticum aestivum. Different colors represent chromosome segments of the Ancestral monocot karyotype except for Acoraceae (AMK-A), and different color combinations represent the chromosomal recombination events that the modern karyotype of each species underwent.