Fig. 4: Sofalcone diminished the mRNA levels of CarE genes when exposed to insecticides.

The expression changes of CarE1 (A), CarE2 (B), CarE4 (C) and CarE5 (D) under the stress of insecticides in larvae of S. exigua were determined by RT-qPCR. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Different letters on the error bar represent the significant difference based on ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test (p < 0.05).