Fig. 5: Sofalcone decreased the activities of detoxification enzymes when exposed to insecticides.

A P450 monooxygenase activity was evaluated by measuring ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activity. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in enzymatic activities are denoted using letters above bars (ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s HSD). n = 5. B Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was measured using 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences based on ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s HSD (p < 0.05). n = 5. C Esterase (EST) activity was determined by measuring a-naphthyl acetate activity. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences at p < 0.05 (ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD). n = 5.