Table 1 Brain regions showing increased task-induced activations following sign language learning
From: Distinct neural representations of different linguistic components following sign language learning
Anatomical region | Coordinates (x, y, z) | Z-score |
|---|---|---|
Sentences > Non-linguistic (all linguistic components) | ||
L Superior temporal sulcus (STS) | −59,−45,3 | 11.28 |
L Supramarginal gyrus (SMG) | −62,−45,25 | 9.86 |
L Fusiform gyrus | −49,−65,−16 | 10.21 |
Broca’s area | −53,17,22 | 10.85 |
Area 55b | −41,3,50 | 11.59 |
R Cerebellum | 26,−64,−28 | 11.07 |
L Intraparietal sulcus (IPS) | −28,−64,44 | 11.77 |
R IPS | 32,−65,34 | 10.45 |
L Superior parietal lobule (SPL) | −14,−74,55 | 9.85 |
R SPL | 19,−73,56 | 9.15 |
L Supplementary motor area (SMA) | −4,7,62 | 11.40 |
R SMA | 8,14,52 | 9.00 |
L Caudate Nucleus | −12,12,10 | 8.64 |
R Caudate Nucleus | 12,10,6 | 5.80 |
L Thalamus | −10,−14,−10 | 8.64 |
R Thalamus | 14,−12,8 | 6.70 |
Sentences > Learned signs (sentence-level processing) | ||
L STS | −49,−43,4 | 11.27 |
L SMG | −56,−45,26 | 9.85 |
L Fusiform gyrus | −50,−62,−18 | 9.13 |
Broca’s area | −55,18,21 | 11.11 |
Area 55b | −42,3,51 | 11.66 |
R Cerebellum | 18,−66,−32 | 10.78 |
L IPS | −26,−64,47 | 10.14 |
R IPS | 35,−78,38 | 8.86 |
L SPL | −12,−70,54 | 8.90 |
R SPL | 19,−73,56 | 7.80 |
L SMA | −2,8,62 | 11.10 |
R SMA | 7,18,57 | 10.11 |
L Caudate Nucleus | −14,10,10 | 8.09 |
R Caudate Nucleus | 16,10,10 | 6.28 |
L Thalamus | −10,16,10 | 6.00 |
R Thalamus | 13,−8,10 | 4.35 |
Learned signs > Unlearned signs (lexical processing) | ||
L Angular gyrus | −48, −78, 26 | 7.08 |
L Temporoparietal junction | −55,−58,22 | 6.30 |
R Temporoparietal junction | 55,−65,21 | 8.00 |
L Precuneus | −2,−65,26 | 7.34 |
R Precuneus | 4,−63,31 | 7.10 |
L Posterior cingulate gyrus | −6,−56,11 | 6.40 |
R Posterior cingulate gyrus | 5,−53,13 | 7.11 |
L Middle temporal gyrus (MTG) | −60,−53,−3 | 6.90 |
R MTG | 63,−46,1 | 5.73 |
L Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) | −7,56,−4 | 6.56 |
R vmPFC | 7,47,−11 | 6.10 |
L Precentral gyrus | −50,−9,48 | 7.60 |
R Precentral gyrus | 52,−6,40 | 6.58 |
L Hippocampus | −24,−18,−16 | 5.90 |
R Hippocampus | 28,−12,−24 | 6.23 |
L Ventral Striatum | −6,14,−4 | 5.46 |
R Ventral Striatum | 10,14,−8 | 5.97 |
Unlearned signs > Non-linguistic (initial phonological processing) | ||
L IPS | −33, −49,39 | 8.39 |
R IPS | 36,−40,44 | 7.64 |
L SPL | −15,−68,53 | 8.00 |
R SPL | 18,−68,52 | 8.17 |
L pre-SMA | −6,15,48 | 8.90 |
R pre-SMA | 7,13,49 | 6.77 |
L Cerebellum | −40,−60,−28 | 7.37 |
R Cerebellum | 32,−56,−32 | 7.77 |
L Fusiform gyrus | −53,−67,−7 | 7.27 |
L Thalamus | −10,−16,10 | 6.54 |
L Inferior Frontal sulcus (IFS) | −40,27,23 | 8.14 |
L Premotor cortex | −23,−2,53 | 8,12 |
Learned signs > Non-linguistic (initial phonological + lexical processing) | ||
L Angular gyrus | −45, −68,24 | 6.09 |
L Precuneus | −3, −63,27 | 7.53 |
L Precentral gyrus | −51, −6, 49 | 7.13 |
L IPS | −29,−69,40 | 8.06 |
R IPS | 33,−65,40 | 7.69 |
L SPL | −11,−73,49 | 6.83 |
R SPL | 18,−73,49 | 6.20 |
L SMA | −5,4,60 | 6.50 |
L Cerebellum | −34,−56,−22 | 6.43 |
R Cerebellum | 28,−68,−24 | 7.15 |
L Fusiform gyrus | −52,−56,−18 | 6.84 |
R Fusiform gyrus | 46,−56,−8 | 6.50 |
L Thalamus | −12,−14,12 | 4.63 |
L IFG | −40,27,22 | 6.94 |
L Posterior Cingulate gyrus | −5,−51,15 | 8.87 |
R Posterior Cingulate gyrus | 5,−53,11 | 6.67 |
Unlearned signs > Learned signs | ||
L pre-SMA | −6,23,52 | 6.84 |
R pre-SMA | 7,15,50 | 6.87 |
L Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) | −21,50,27 | 5.65 |
R dlPFC | 40,24,41 | 6.46 |
L Cerebellum | −30,−56,−34 | 5.60 |
R Cerebellum | 38,−62,−30 | 4.87 |
L IPS | −44,−40,51 | 6.51 |
R Caudate nucleus | 16,16,12 | 4.59 |
