Fig. 1: Population structure analyses performed to investigate genetic relationships between high-altitude Andean groups and low-altitude Central and South American populations.

a PCA representing PC1 versus PC2 computed for the 43 un-admixed Native American groups reported in the legend at the bottom right of the plot. Individuals are colour-coded according to their country of origin as reported in the bottom-left legend. The box at the top of the plot details the position of Bolivian Aymara WGS in the considered genetic space with respect to the other high-altitude Andean populations. b Heat map of values for the outgroup-f3 statistic representing the estimated amount of shared genetic drift between the Andean population cluster (marked by a star-like symbol) and each of the considered populations from Central and Southern America (indicated in their approximate geographic locations) A gradient ranging from green to red is specifically used to indicate lower-to-higher levels of genetic affinity as reported by the corresponding colour scale. c Fine-scale patterns of genetic clustering and proportions of ancestry components inferred at the individual level. The fineSTRUCTURE hierarchical clustering dendrogram obtained for Andean, Central and South American individuals included in the assembled dataset is reported, along with ancestry components inferred for each subject with ADMIXTURE analysis at K = 8. For each genetic cluster pinpointed by the fineSTRUCTURE analysis, the corresponding individuals and their admixture proportions are specifically detailed, along with the symbols used in the PCA plot for the populations they belong to. The source data used to generate the figures are reported in Supplementary Data 2—Tables 1–3.