Fig. 2: Developmental differentiation and metabolism of B cells.
From: Impact of immune cell metabolism on membranous nephropathy and prospective therapy
The stimulation of the B cell receptor (BCR) causes an upregulation of glycolysis, initiating germinal center (GC) responses. GC B cells exclusively rely on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for ATP production. OXPHOS and glutamine are important for plasma cell (PC) differentiation. In contrast, the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate and glycolysis contribute to the differentiation of regulatory B cells (Bregs). TCA tricarboxylic acid, ETC electron transport chain, AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor, LLPC long-lived plasma cell, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A. This image was created by Figdraw.
