Fig. 1: The single-cell transcriptional profiling of human PPLELC.

a Workflow diagram showing the processing of primary PPLELC tumor and normal tissue for analysis. Created in BioRender. Xu, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/k27t286. b UMAP plots of cells from snRNA-seq with each color representing one cell types. c UMAP plot of 50007 single nucleuses grouped into 6 major cell types colored according to cell type and each dot represents one single nucleus. d The expression of canonical marker genes for the subsets defined in (c). Orange to gray: high to low expression. e Heatmap plot showing the marker genes in KEGG Pathway enrichment. f The fraction of cell types originating from each sample. Each dot represents one cell type, colored according to sample type. g Chromosomal landscape of inferred large-scale CNVs distinguishing malignant epithelial cells from non-malignant epithelial cells. The PPLELC02 tumor is shown with individual cells (y-axis) and chromosomal regions (x-axis). Amplifications (red) or deletions (blue) were inferred by averaging expression over 100-gene stretches on the indicated chromosomes. CNVs are concordant with the calls from WES (bottom). The CNV pattern of the normal epithelial cells from PPLELC04 is also shown (top).