Fig. 3: RNA-Seq performed on post-lung function tested 13-week-old female lung homogenates (n = 4–7 per treatment group).

OVA treatment significantly induces differentially expressed regions (DEGs; p < 0.000001; log2FC > |1| in both Sham (A) and PM2.5 (B) offspring. Significant DEGs are denoted by colour (red = log2FC > 1, blue = log2FC < −1). C Set operations analysis showed how many of those genes were shared (AAD DEGs; dark green), unique to Sham (Sham; blue), and unique to PM2.5 (PM2.5; light green) offspring. The chi-squared analysis found that maternal insult significantly altered DEG expression patterns (p < 0.0001, df = 2). D–G Bubble plots demonstrating DEGs enriched in key Reactome pathways (p < 0.05) for DEGs up (D) and downregulated (E) in AAD and those up (F) and downregulated (G) in Sham.