Fig. 1: Chromosome-scale genome assembly of S. heraclei and aphid phylogenetic relationships.

a The heatmap displays the Hi-C contact frequency of the S. heraclei genome assembly, with blue lines indicating chromosomes. The x-axis and y-axis represent cumulative lengths in millions of base pairs (Mb). b The circular diagram illustrates TE density, protein-coding gene density, GC content, and chromosome length of S. heraclei genome assembly from the inside out. c Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree based on the concatenation of 2358 conserved single-copy genes from all species. All nodes are supported with 100% bootstrap values, and different colors represent different taxa. The thicker dashed lines demarcate the beginning and end of the Cretaceous period, while the thinner dashed lines indicate the boundary between the Early and Late Cretaceous. K1 and K2 represent the Early and Late Cretaceous, respectively. The scale below represents time in millions of years ago (MYA). Numbers beside branches denote divergence times, and calibrated points marked with red dots were used for estimating divergence times.