Fig. 3: Results of the analysis on aphid repetitive sequences and chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints.

a Genome size and the proportion of repetitive sequences in the genomes of the nine aphid species. b Stacked histogram displaying the age distribution of transposable elements (TEs) in the nine aphid species, with different colors representing different TE families. c TE families enriched at all aphid chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints. The histogram displays the distribution of counts for a specific TE family within 10,000 randomly sampled chromosomal regions of equal size to the rearrangement breakpoint regions. The dashed line represents the observed count for the corresponding TE family in rearrangement breakpoint regions. The results shown are for S. miscanthi within the collinear species pairs with A. pisum. d Radar plot illustrating the relative density (/Mb) of TE families from Fig. 3c in the genomes of seven aphid species in Aphidinae. Different colors represent different species, and the intersection of the axes and network lines indicates the relative density of the corresponding TE family in the seven aphid genomes. The histogram in the top left corner shows the chromosomal rearrangement rates for these seven aphid species. e Violin plot comparing the IS (Insulation Score) between S. heraclei and M. persicae for the whole-genome alignment and synteny breakpoint regions (Mann–Whitney U-test, p value = 6.549 × 10⁻¹²) (median line, 25th–75th percentiles as boxes, Dots represent outliers).