Fig. 1: TMAO significantly induces cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. | Communications Biology

Fig. 1: TMAO significantly induces cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro.

From: The gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide promotes cardiac hypertrophy by activating the autophagic degradation of SERCA2a

Fig. 1

a Representative images of M-mode echocardiography of the left ventricle. b-c Measurement of EF% and FS%, n = 4. d Representative images of heart size photographed with a stereomicroscope. e-f HW/BW and HW/TL ratios, n = 8. g Serum TMAO concentration was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, n = 8. h Cardiac tissue size and fibrosis were detected by FITC-labeled WGA staining (60×), HE staining (40×), and Masson staining (20×). i–k Western blot analysis of ANP and MYH7 in the left ventricle tissues, n = 6. l–q Western blot analysis of ANP and MYH7 in H9c2 cells treated with TMAO in different concentrations and time periods, n = 3. r, s Representative microscopic images of the cell with rhodamine-phalloidin staining of the cytoskeleton and DAPI staining of the nucleus and cell surface in H9c2 cells treated with TMAO ((1 mM for 48 h, p = 0.0078), n = 4. Statistical analyse was performed using the Student’s t-test vs. respective controls(b, c, e–g, s) One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was used to compare groups (m, n, p, q) Error bars represent S.E.M.

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