Fig. 5: PBMC subtype frequencies across multiple stages of PD.

Box plots depicting the frequency of subtypes of monocytes and T cells in PBMCs from NHCs, prodromal PD patients, EPD patients, and MPD patients. A Frequency of classical monocytes (CD14⁺CD16^-) among total monocytes. B Frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14⁺CD16⁺) among total monocytes. C Frequency of nonclassical monocytes (CD14^dimCD16⁺) among total monocytes. D Frequency of CD4⁺CD8^- among total CD3⁺ T lymphocytes. E Frequency of CD4^-CD8⁺ among total CD3⁺ T lymphocytes. F Frequency of CD4^-CD8^dim among total CD3⁺ T lymphocytes. Box plots show individual values, median and interquartile range (box), and minimum-maximum range (whiskers). NHC neurologically healthy controls, n = 21 biologically independent samples; PRO patients with prodromal PD, n = 15 biologically independent samples; EPD patients with early-stage PD, n = 27 biologically independent samples; MPD patients with moderate-stage PD, n = 30 biologically independent samples. Each symbol represents the measurement from a single individual. The results in (A–F) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s corrections for multiple comparisons. Only within treatment comparisons are shown.