Fig. 5: Pseudotime analysis of cells involved in bone healing.

A Histological sections from Day 0, Day 5, and Day 15 postfracture, each overlaid with a pseudotime color gradient from blue to red. This gradient represents the inferred pseudotime from early to late cellular states within the periosteum on the basis of gene expression profiles. B Trajectory plots tracing the developmental pathways of periosteal cells, highlighting transitions from mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) to osteogenic (Clusters 10, 13) and chondrogenic (Cluster 14) lineages. The color gradient indicates progression through pseudotime, depicting the evolutionary trajectory of these cells. C Trajectory plots showing cell clusters categorized by type, with colors representing distinct cellular identities, illustrating how different cell populations evolve through pseudotime during the healing process. D Heatmaps displaying the expression patterns of key transcription factors across different stages and cell types, from MPCs to differentiated osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. These heatmaps align transcriptional changes with pseudotime to reveal the regulatory landscape driving cellular differentiation.