Fig. 1: Warm temperature induces an alteration of the energy metabolic state.

A Schematic diagram of subjected to a temperature reciprocal transfer experiment for 12 months starting at the zygote stage. B Schematic representation of the seven organ types for RNA sequencing. C Principal component analysis (PCA) based on gene expression. D Rose diagrams showing the numbers of DEGs between the Cool-acclimated and Warm-acclimated groups. The first ring (in light blue) refers to undetected transcripts for each organ the numbers in black represent the detected transcripts in each organ type. The second ring (in light green) refers to transcripts unregulated by temperature. The numbers in white present the DEGs significantly regulated by ambient temperature. The innermost ring refers to the number of DEGs in each organ type (dark green, downregulated; dark red, upregulated). *FDR adjusted p < 0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001. Colored lines with asterisks indicate significantly differential pairs (purple, between Warm-acclimated and Cool-acclimated; red, Warm-acclimated involved; blue, Cool-acclimated involved). E Relative gene expression of intestinal markers in each temperature-treated group normalized to average expression of the Cool-acclimated groups (♂, male; ♀, female). Colored lines with asterisks indicate a significantly different pair. The data are given as mean ± SEM. F Heatmap showing the relative abundance (scaled FPKM) of hepatic DEGs between temperature-switched groups and temperature-acclimated groups, which are related to complement activation, macrophage chemotaxis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and amino acid degradation, and significantly expressed in at least one condition in male or female. The same color code is used in the entire figure. Significant differential gene expression was detected in at least one condition. G Partial metabolic network in liver for differently expressed genes related to glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism. Boxes from left to right represent the relative abundance of genes in Cool-acclimated, Cool-switched, Warm-switched, and Warm-acclimated groups, respectively. The upper boxes belong to males and the lower boxes belong to females. G6P glucose 6-phosphate, F6P fructose 6-bisphosphate, FBP fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle. H H&E staining of adipose tissue of frogs (♂, male; ♀, female) in different temperature-treated groups (scale bars, 200 μm). All experiments were conducted based on six biological replicates in each temperature-treated group with male:female = 3:3 (except Cool-switched group, which is 4:2).