Fig. 2: Warming promotes ROS stress and defense response, especially in males.

A Expression of genes associated with reactive oxygen species biosynthesis in males and females (left, male; right, female). The histograms show the relative abundance in each temperature-treated group normalized to the average expression of the Cool-acclimated group. The data are given as mean ± SEM (|log2 FC| > 1, FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.05). B Warm temperature activates the immune response. The heatmap (top right) shows the results of GO enrichment analysis between each group. The color bar indicates the FDR-adjusted p-value. CA Cool-acclimated, CS Cool-switched, WS Warm-switched, WA Warm-acclimated. Chord diagrams (left and down right) show immune response-related DEGs that were significantly expressed between the warm-acclimated group and the cool-acclimated group (|log2 FC| > 1, FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05. left, male; right, female). The length of the brick for each gene corresponds to the sum of |log2 FC| in multiple organs. The length of the brick for each organ corresponds to the sum of |log2 FC| in all related DEGs. *FDR adjusted p < 0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001. Colored lines are described as in FC | >1, FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05. left, male; right, female). The length of the brick for each gene corresponds to the sum of |log2 FC| in all related DEGs. *FDR adjusted p < 0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001. Colored lines are described as in Fig. 1. All experiments were conducted based on six biological replicates in each temperature-treated group, with male:female = 3:3 (except Cool-switched group, which is 4:2).