Fig. 1: Conceptualisation of three hypothetical spillover scenarios using A. mellifera (Apis) and B. impatiens (Bombus) as an example.

Based on other frameworks regarding viral spillover1,2,3,6,7,8. The Apis and Bombus silhouettes by Melissa Broussard were obtained from https://www.phylopic.org/ and adapted with permission under the license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.