Fig. 5: Cell-state transition trajectory analysis of CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating T cell populations in HBV and non-HBV-HCC.

A Pseudotime-ordered analysis of CD8⁺ T cells from HBV and non-HBV tumor samples. B CD8⁺ T cell subtypes are labelled by colors. C Heatmap showing the dynamic changes in gene expression along the pseudotime (lower panel). The distribution of CD8 subtypes during the transition (divided into 3 states), along with the pseudo-time. Subtypes are labeled by colors (upper panel). D A 2D pseudo-time plot shows the dynamics of cytotoxic (upper panel) or exhausted signals (lower panel) in CD8⁺ T cells in HBV and non-HBV tumor samples (left panel). Violin plots showing the average score of cytotoxic and exhausted signals from the clusters of CD8⁺ T cells in HBV and non-HBV tumor samples (right panel). E 2D pseudo-time-ordered CD8⁺ T cell graph from non-HBV (left panel) and HBV (right panel) tumor tissues. State-specific cell density distribution is shown at the top of the Figure. F Histogram of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in three states in HBV and non-HBV tumor tissues. CD8 subtypes labeled by colors. G Two-dimensional plots of average scores for cytotoxic (upper panel) and exhausted signals(lower panel) in non-HBV (green) and HBV (blue) HCC samples, dynamically along the pseudotime. H Two-dimensional plots of exhausted marker genes (CXCL13, LAG3, CTLA4, TIGIT, PDCD1, and HAVCR2) during the T cell pseudotime transitions. I Two-dimensional plots showing the expression scores for genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and PPAR signalling pathway in non-HBV (green) and HBV (blue) HCC samples. J Two-dimensional plots showing the dynamic expression of exhaustion transcription factors (EOMES, TOX, HOPX, IRF2, and IRF9) along the pseudo time. See also Supplementary Fig. 11.