Fig. 3: Temporal variations in β-diversity and the visualization of its compositional components.

a–c Relationships between restoration duration dissimilarity and β-diversity of abundant, intermediate, and rare subcommunities based on the Mantel test. The black fitted lines are from linear regression. d–f Triangular plots of the components of β-diversity of abundant, intermediate, and rare subcommunities. The three axes represent compositional similarity and the two components of β-diversity (i.e., species turnover and richness difference) based on Bray‒Curtis dissimilarity. Each point represents a triplet of average values from the corresponding similarity, turnover, and richness difference matrices, constrained such that their sum equals 1. The average similarity, species turnover, and richness difference were 50%, 46%, and 4% for abundant subcommunities; 18%, 80%, and 1% for intermediate subcommunities; and 2%, 98%, and 0% for rare subcommunities.