Fig. 5: Co-occurrence network of abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa.

a The co-occurrence network constructed with abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa. The size of each node is proportional to its degree. The values below the network represent the number proportion of nodes in each group. b Boxplots of node-level topological properties of abundant (n = 192), intermediate (n = 321), and rare taxa (n = 230), including degree, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and clustering coefficient. The different letters represent significant differences determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn post-hoc test (Bonferroni correction). c–e Relationships between the degree of ASVs and their correlation strength (|r|) with multifunctionality for abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa. The black fitted lines are from linear regression. EMF ecosystem multifunctionality.