Fig. 6: Relationships of abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa richness with ecosystem multifunctionality.
a Relationships between multifunctionality and richness of abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa. The black fitted lines are from linear regression. The solid and dotted lines represent statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and nonsignificant (P > 0.05) relationships, respectively. b Structural equation model depicting the hypothesized direct and indirect relationships among restoration duration, plant cover, soil pH, bacterial ASV richness, average degree and multifunctionality. The richness and degree of abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa were each consolidated into a composite variable using the standardized coefficients (as shown in the values below, representing their weights) from a linear regression model. Numbers adjacent to arrows (path coefficients) represent standardized effect sizes. Significant P values are represented by *** when P < 0.001, ** when P < 0.01 and * when P < 0.05. Arrow width is proportional to the magnitude of standardized path coefficients. Red and blue arrows represent positive and negative relationships, respectively, with solid and dashed arrows denote statistically significant and non-significant relationships, respectively. R2 is the proportion of variance explained by the model. Goodness-of-fit of SEM is evaluated by the Chi-square test, CFI, and Fisher’s C test. Time, restoration duration.
