Fig. 1: Effects of different extenders on sperm motility and succinylation modification.

a–c Sperm were incubated with 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 mM SA in a HG extender for 1 h and 3 h. The sperm total motility (a), progressive motility (b), and VSL (c) were assessed using CASA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). d–f Sperm were incubated with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM RES in an LG extender for 1 h and 3 h. The sperm total motility (d), progressive motility (e), and VSL (f) were assessed using CASA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6). g Sperm trajectories were recorded by CASA following 1 h and 3 h incubation under four extenders: HG extender, LG extender, HG + 3 mM SA, and LG + 100 μM RES. h, i Lysine succinylation levels in boar sperm proteins were evaluated after 3 h of treatment with FS, HG extender, LG extender, HG + 3 mM SA, and LG + 100 μM RES. Protein loading was normalized using an α-tubulin (h), and Western blot band intensities were quantified with ImageJ software (i). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 4). ^a-d: Significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments. FS fresh semen, HG high glucose, LG low glucose, RES resveratrol, SA succinic acid.