Fig. 5: Gibbs free energy hypersurface of the ligand-driven vanadate condensation.

The G values refer to the experimentally used amounts and concentrations of cis ligand, monovanadate, and buffer at pH 9.53. Sample volume: 500 µL, Na₃VO₄: 1.5 mM, ligand: 1.05 mM, CHES buffer: 100 mM, NaOH: 50 mM, I: 150 mM. The different stages of the reaction path are labeled with a, b, c, and d. The system is assumed to be in equilibrium in all stages