Fig. 5: Overview of the most important (1.) direct and (2.) indirect damage mechanisms. | Communications Chemistry

Fig. 5: Overview of the most important (1.) direct and (2.) indirect damage mechanisms.

From: In situ monitoring of the influence of water on DNA radiation damage by near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Fig. 5

In dry DNA (1.) direct effects produce mostly SSB (red lines) via ionization events (A) of DNA (red arrows) or by LEE via the formation of TNI at the bases (B), subsequent transfer to the backbone (C), and rupture of C–O bond (D). In contrast, a shift toward base damage is observed in hydrated DNA (2.). Here, indirect damage channels contribute to the increase of the overall radiation damage. Ionization of water molecules in the bulk (E) or in the first hydration (F) layer represents the most important processes. Direct processes are present in hydrated DNA, but are not shown for simplicity. Green lines represent base loss. For details see the text.

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