Fig. 5: Mechanistic investigation through DFT.

a The model of Co-O3-C structure used for DFT calculation. The brown, red and blue balls represent C, O and Co atoms, respectively. b The reaction cycle scheme of the intermediates in four-electron and two-electron ORR process on the Co-O3 catalytic center. c Free energy diagrams of four-electron under equilibrium state (U = 0.41 V), and d free energy diagrams of two-electron ORR under equilibrium state (U = −0.13 V).